Socio-Ecological Factors and Well-Being among Self-Employed in Europe during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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Hansson J, Nordenmark M, Tjulin Å, Landstad BJ, Vinberg S
Int J Environ Res Public Health 19 (13) - [2022-06-26; online 2022-06-26]
The self-employed are at increased risk of negative well-being outcomes when facing adversity such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies that examine socio-ecological factors that may protect their well-being are warranted. Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of European self-employed people (n = 1665). The WHO-5 Well-being Index was used to examine the impact on well-being of factors at four socio-ecological levels. Independent sample t-tests, Pearson correlations and linear regression were applied to analyse differences between groups of self-employed and interactions between variables using SPSS. Well-being and the socio-ecological factors of resilience, social support, useful work and finding the rules clear were positively correlated with well-being. For self-employed who reported that it was challenging to run their business during the pandemic, social support and finding rules clear were of significantly greater importance to their well-being. The findings highlight that the socio-ecological factors of resilience, social support, doing useful work and finding the rules clear affect well-being. The results also indicate that it is vital to consider factors at multiple socio-ecological levels to improve the well-being of the self-employed during adversity.
PubMed 35805499
DOI 10.3390/ijerph19137840
Crossref 10.3390/ijerph19137840
pii: ijerph19137840
pmc: PMC9266291